American Muslim History: A Chronological ObservationUnquestionably, Muslims have made an impact on the evolution of American society. Historically Muslims have made major contributions, e.g., humanities, the sciences, and art. They explored North America 300 years before the so-called "discovery" of the New World by Christopher Columbus. They used the Mississippi River as their access route to and from the continent's interior Here are a few glimpses of Muslim life in American history:
1178 A Chinese document known as the Sung Document records the voyage of Muslim sailors to a land known as Mu-Lan-Pi (America). Mention of this document is contained in the publication, The Khotan Amirs, 1933.
1310 Abu Bakari (Abu Bakar), a Muslim king of the Malian Empire, spearheads a series of sea voyages to the New World.
1312 African Muslims (Mandinga) arrive in the Gulf of Mexico for exploration of the American interior using the Mississippi River as their access route. These Muslim explorers were from Mali and other parts of West Africa.
1513 Piri Reis completes his first world map, including the Americas, after researching maps from all over the world. The practicality and artistry of his map surpassed any from his time or before.
1530 African slaves arrive in America. During the slave trade, more than 10 million Africans were uprooted from their homes and brought to American shores. Many of these slaves were from the Fulas, Fula Jallon, Fula Toro, and Massina as well as other areas of West Africa. These areas were governed from their capital, "Timbuctu." These slaves were sent to Mexico, Cuba, and South America. More than 30 percent of these 10 million slaves were Muslim. They became the backbone of the American economy.
1539 Estevanico of Azamor, a Muslim from Morocco, lands in Florida with the ill-fated expedition of Panfilo de Narvaez in 1527. Estevanico remained in America to become the first of three Americans to
cross this continent. At least two states owe their beginnings to this Muslim, Arizona and New Mexico.
1732 Ayyub ibn Sulaiman Jallon, a Muslim slave in Maryland, is set free by James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia, and provided transportation to England. He arrived home (Boonda, Galumbo) from England in 1735.
1790 Moors from Spain are reported living in South Carolina and Florida.
1807 United States Congress prohibits the importation of slaves into America after Jan. 1, 1808. Despite suppression of the slave trade during the next 60 years, slavery reached its peak between 1840-1860. The last Slave ships to be confiscated by the federal government were Wildfire, Storm King, Williams, Erie, Echo, Cora, and Binita all of which violated the ban on importing slaves.
1807 Yarrow Mamout, an African Muslim slave, is set free in Washington, D.C., and later becomes one of the first shareholders of the second chartered bank in America, the Columbia bank. Yarrow may have lived to be more than 128 years old, the oldest person in American history. Two portraits of Yarrow done by well known artists are on public display. The first, painted by Charles W. Peale in 1819 was done
when Yarrow was 100 years old. It hangs in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. A second portrait completed by James Simpson in 1828, almost a decade later, can be seen in the Peabody Room at the
Georgetown Public Library, Washington D.C.
1809 Al Hajj Umar ibn Sayyid is enslaved in Charleston after running away. In jail, he is visited by John Owen and taken to Bladen County and placed on the Owen plantation. John Owen later became
Governor of North Carolina. It has been reported that Umar lived to be 100 years old.
1828 Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori, a former prince from West Africa and now a slave on a Georgia plantation, is freed by the order of Secretary of State Henry Clay and President John Quincy Adams. He
was known to many during his lifetime as "The Prince of the Slaves." A drawing of him, done by Henry Inman, is displayed in the Library of Congress. His life has also been well-documented.
1839 Sayyid Sa'id, ruler of Oman, orders his ship The Sultana, to set sail for America on a trade mission. The Sultana touched port in New York, April 30, 1840. Although the voyage was not a commercial
success, it marks the point of successful friendly relations between the two countries that continue to this
day.
1856 The United States cavalry hire a Muslim by the name of Hajji Ali to experiment with raising camels in Arizona.
1865 The American Civil War ends. During the war, the "scorched earth" policy of the North destroyed churches, farms, schools, libraries, colleges, and a great deal of other property. The librarians at the University of Alabama managed to save one book from the debris of their library buildings. On the morning of April 4, when Federal troops reached the campus with orders to destroy the university, Andre
Deloffre, a modern language professor and custodian of the library, appealed to the commanding officer to spare one of the finest libraries in the South. The officer, being sympathetic, sent a courier to Gen.
Croxton at his headquarters in Tuscaloosa asking permission to save the Rotunda. The general's reply was no. The officer reportedly said, "I will save one volume as a memento of this occasion. The volume
selected was a rare copy of the Qur'an.
1870 The Reverend Norman, a Methodist missionary, converts to Islam.
1889 Edward W. Blyden, noted scholar and social activist, traveled throughout the eastern and southern parts of the United States proclaiming Islam. In a speech before the Colonization Society of Chicago Blyden told his audience that the reasons Africans choose Islam over Christianity is that, "the Qur'an protected the black man from self-depreciation in the presence of Arabs or Europeans.
1893 The American Islamic Propaganda Movement is founded by Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb. He is regarded as one of the earliest white American converts. In that same year on Sept. 20 and 21, M. A. Webb appeared at the First World Congress of Religions and delivered two lectures: "The Spirit of Islam," and "The Influence of Islam on Social Conditions."
1908 Muslim immigrants from the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, etc., arrive in North America. They are mainly Turks, Kurds, Albanians, and Arabs.
1913 Timothy Drew (Noble Drew Ali) establishes an organization in Newark, NJ , known as the Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTA). Drew Ali reportedly was commissioned by the Sultan of Morocco to teach Islam to Negroes in the United States. The MSTA is also responsible for many of today's African-American converts to Islam.
1915 Albanian Muslims build a Masjid in Maine and establish an Islamic association. By 1919, they had established another Masjid in Connecticut. Theirs was one of the first associations for Muslims in the
United States.
1920 The Red Crescent, a Muslim charity modeled after the International Red Cross, is established in
Detroit.
1921 A branch of the Ahmadiyya Movement is founded in Chicago by Dr. Mufti Muhammad Sadiq. This
movement converted many African-Americans to Islam.
1926 Duse Muhammad Ali, mentor of Marcus Garvey and the person who had a considerable impact
upon Garvey's movement, establishes an organization in Detroit known as the Universal Islamic Society.
Its motto was "One God, One Aim, One Destiny."
1926 Polish-speaking Tatars build a mosque in Brooklyn, NY, which is still in use.
1930 African American Muslims establish First Muslim Mosque in Piftsburg, Pennsylvania.
1933 The Nation of Islam (NOI), one of the most significant organizations in American Muslim history, is founded. It is responsible for converting a high percentage of African-Americans to Islam. It was also effective in highlighting American Christians' difficulties combating the effects of slavery and racism among African-Americans. The NOI's philosophy was introduced in the United States by Fard
Muhammad (Wallace Ford), a Muslim mystic who disappeared in 1933. The late, Elijah Mohammed, who succeeded Fard in 1933, built the organization into a strong ethnic movement advocating Islam as
way of life. Two of the most famous African-Americans, Muhammad Ali and Al Hajj Malik al-Shabazz (Malcolm X), were early adherents of this movement. Both later embraced the broader multiethnic
concepts of orthodox Islam.
1934 The Lebanese community of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, opens its Masjid.
1939 The Islamic Mission Society is founded in New York by Sheikh Dawood. It publishes a magazine entitled, "Muslim Sunrise".
1952 Muslims in the armed services sue the federal government to be allowed to identify themselves as Muslims. Until then Islam was not recognized as a legitimate religion.
1955 The State Street Masjid in New York City is established by Sheikh Dawood Ahmed Faisal. It is still in use today and represents a special point in the development of the American Muslim community. From this Masjid was born the Dar-ul-Islam movement.
1960 The NOI's University of Islam schools flourished and drew the attention of the American media. Coverage focused upon the Black Muslims' self-help programs for Blacks, but considered them a "threat"
to the white establishment.
1962 The Dar-ul-Islam movement, another important group among the African-American Muslim community, is born. Until its disappearance in 1982-1983, it made a serious impact upon the development
and practice of traditional Islam in America.
1962 The newspaper Muhammad Speaks is launched. It later becomes the largest minority weekly publication in the country and reached 800,000 readers at its peak. In subsequent years, it underwent
some name changes, and the NOI itself underwent various transformations. It has also been known as Bilalian News, The A.M. Journal and, currently The Muslim Journal.
1963 The Muslim Students Association (MSA) is established as an organization to aid foreign Muslim students attending schools in the United States. MSA now has more than 100 branches nationwide. In the
1970's it gave birth to the Islamic Medical Association (IMA), the Association of Muslim Social Scientist (AMSS), and the Association of Muslim Scientists and Engineers (AMSE).
1965 AI Hajj Malik al-Shabazz (Malcolm X) is assassinated in New York. He was one of the most outstanding Muslims in American history as well as a dedicated fighter for justice and equality for
African-Americans and other oppressed people.
1968 The Hanafi Movement is founded by Hamas Abdul Khaalis. The Hanafi Madhab Center was established in New York but later moved to Washington, D.C. This movement had a membership of more than 1000 in the United States. Kareem Abdul Jabbar, a famous basketball player, is one of the Muslims who first came into contact with Islam through this movement. In 1977, Khaalis and some of his followers seized control of three District of Columbia buildings, holding hostages for more than 30 hours. One man was killed. Khaalis is now incarcerated in Washington, D.C., and is serving a sentence of 41 to 120 years. This movement marks a challenging period in American Muslim history.
1971 The Association of Muslim Scientists and Engineers is established.
1972 The Association of Muslim Social Scientists, is launched.
1975 Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of Islam, dies and is succeeded by his son Warith Deen Mohammed, who has been credited with moving the NOI toward the broader universal concepts of Islam.
He is now regarded as one of the leading Muslim spokesmen in the United States.
1981 The first American Islamic library is established in Plainfield, Indiana.
1982 The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) is established in Plainfield, IN. ISNA is now an umbrella organization for many active Islamic groups seeking to further the cause of Islam in the United
States.
1986 Dr. Isma'il R. a]-Faruqi and his wife are murdered in their home outside Philadelphia. Dr. and Mrs. Faruqi are the authors of The Cultural Atlas of Islam as well as many other books and research papers. Dr. Faruqi is the founder of AMSS and the International Institute of Islamic Thought, which is located in Northern Virginia. This truly remarkable Muslim family is responsible for some of the most constructive programs to promote Islam in the United States.
1990 Muslims hold the first solidarity conference called "Muslims Against Apartheid." This was the first conference of its kind in support of Muslims for the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. The conference was organized by the American Muslim Council.
1991 Imam Siraj Wahaj offers an invocation (opening prayer) to the United States House of Representatives. He was the first Muslim to do so.
1991 The Muslim Members in the Military (MMM) organization hold their first "Unity in Uniform" conference. The conference took place at Boiling Air force Base in Washington, D.C. According to the
United States Department of Defense, there are more than 5000 Muslims in uniform on active duty in the military. However, there are no Muslim Chaplains on active duty in any branch of service.
1991 Charles Bilal, Kountze, Texas, becomes the nation's first Muslim mayor in an American city.
1992 Imam Warith Deen Mohammed gives the invocation in the Senate.
Information Resources:
1. African Presence in Early America by Ivan Van Sertima, 1987
2. Deeper Roots by Abdullah Hakim Quick, 1990
3. Arab America Today (A Demographic Profile of Arab Americans) by
John Zogby, 1990
4. A Survey of North American Muslims by El Tigani A. Abugideiri,
June 1977
5. A Century of Islam in America by Yyvone Y. Haddad, 1986
6. Ethnic Distribution of American Muslims and Selected
Socio-Economic Characteristics by Arif Ghaytir, 1984
7. The Demography of Islamic Nations by john Weeks, 1988
8. Islam in the United States: Review of Sources by Dr. Sulayman
s. Nyang, 1988
9. Demographic Consequences of Minority Consciousness- An Analysis
by Salaha M. Abedin, 1980
10. World Population Data Sheet Population Reference Bureau, Inc.
Washington, D.C. 1990, Statistical Abstract of the United States,
U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census, 1990
11. Muslim Peoples (A World Ethnographic Survey) Edited by
Richard V. Weeks, 1984, Vol. 11
12. The 1991 Almanac 44th Edition, by Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991
13. The Islamic Society of North America Directory of Islamic
Centers, Schools, Masjids, and MSA Chapters, 1989 Revised Edition
14. The Islamic Struggle in America, Hijrah Magazine, Oct./Nov. 1985
15. The Seven Muslim Slaves by Abdul Hakim Muhammad, 1983
16. Prince Among Slaves by Terry Alford, 1977
17. Nature Knows No Color Line by J.A. Rogers, 1952
18. African American Muslims in Antebellum America by Allen Austin,
1984
19. The Arab World Published by the Arab-American Press, 1945
20. The United States and Sultanate of Oman Produced by Sultan
Qaboos Center, The Middle East Institute, Washington, D.C. 1990
21. The University of Alabama, A Pictorial History by Suzanne Rau
Wolfe
22. History of the First Muslim Mosque of Pittsburg, Pennslavania
by Jameela A. Hakim, 1989
1178 A Chinese document known as the Sung Document records the voyage of Muslim sailors to a land known as Mu-Lan-Pi (America). Mention of this document is contained in the publication, The Khotan Amirs, 1933.
1310 Abu Bakari (Abu Bakar), a Muslim king of the Malian Empire, spearheads a series of sea voyages to the New World.
1312 African Muslims (Mandinga) arrive in the Gulf of Mexico for exploration of the American interior using the Mississippi River as their access route. These Muslim explorers were from Mali and other parts of West Africa.
1513 Piri Reis completes his first world map, including the Americas, after researching maps from all over the world. The practicality and artistry of his map surpassed any from his time or before.
1530 African slaves arrive in America. During the slave trade, more than 10 million Africans were uprooted from their homes and brought to American shores. Many of these slaves were from the Fulas, Fula Jallon, Fula Toro, and Massina as well as other areas of West Africa. These areas were governed from their capital, "Timbuctu." These slaves were sent to Mexico, Cuba, and South America. More than 30 percent of these 10 million slaves were Muslim. They became the backbone of the American economy.
1539 Estevanico of Azamor, a Muslim from Morocco, lands in Florida with the ill-fated expedition of Panfilo de Narvaez in 1527. Estevanico remained in America to become the first of three Americans to
cross this continent. At least two states owe their beginnings to this Muslim, Arizona and New Mexico.
1732 Ayyub ibn Sulaiman Jallon, a Muslim slave in Maryland, is set free by James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia, and provided transportation to England. He arrived home (Boonda, Galumbo) from England in 1735.
1790 Moors from Spain are reported living in South Carolina and Florida.
1807 United States Congress prohibits the importation of slaves into America after Jan. 1, 1808. Despite suppression of the slave trade during the next 60 years, slavery reached its peak between 1840-1860. The last Slave ships to be confiscated by the federal government were Wildfire, Storm King, Williams, Erie, Echo, Cora, and Binita all of which violated the ban on importing slaves.
1807 Yarrow Mamout, an African Muslim slave, is set free in Washington, D.C., and later becomes one of the first shareholders of the second chartered bank in America, the Columbia bank. Yarrow may have lived to be more than 128 years old, the oldest person in American history. Two portraits of Yarrow done by well known artists are on public display. The first, painted by Charles W. Peale in 1819 was done
when Yarrow was 100 years old. It hangs in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. A second portrait completed by James Simpson in 1828, almost a decade later, can be seen in the Peabody Room at the
Georgetown Public Library, Washington D.C.
1809 Al Hajj Umar ibn Sayyid is enslaved in Charleston after running away. In jail, he is visited by John Owen and taken to Bladen County and placed on the Owen plantation. John Owen later became
Governor of North Carolina. It has been reported that Umar lived to be 100 years old.
1828 Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori, a former prince from West Africa and now a slave on a Georgia plantation, is freed by the order of Secretary of State Henry Clay and President John Quincy Adams. He
was known to many during his lifetime as "The Prince of the Slaves." A drawing of him, done by Henry Inman, is displayed in the Library of Congress. His life has also been well-documented.
1839 Sayyid Sa'id, ruler of Oman, orders his ship The Sultana, to set sail for America on a trade mission. The Sultana touched port in New York, April 30, 1840. Although the voyage was not a commercial
success, it marks the point of successful friendly relations between the two countries that continue to this
day.
1856 The United States cavalry hire a Muslim by the name of Hajji Ali to experiment with raising camels in Arizona.
1865 The American Civil War ends. During the war, the "scorched earth" policy of the North destroyed churches, farms, schools, libraries, colleges, and a great deal of other property. The librarians at the University of Alabama managed to save one book from the debris of their library buildings. On the morning of April 4, when Federal troops reached the campus with orders to destroy the university, Andre
Deloffre, a modern language professor and custodian of the library, appealed to the commanding officer to spare one of the finest libraries in the South. The officer, being sympathetic, sent a courier to Gen.
Croxton at his headquarters in Tuscaloosa asking permission to save the Rotunda. The general's reply was no. The officer reportedly said, "I will save one volume as a memento of this occasion. The volume
selected was a rare copy of the Qur'an.
1870 The Reverend Norman, a Methodist missionary, converts to Islam.
1889 Edward W. Blyden, noted scholar and social activist, traveled throughout the eastern and southern parts of the United States proclaiming Islam. In a speech before the Colonization Society of Chicago Blyden told his audience that the reasons Africans choose Islam over Christianity is that, "the Qur'an protected the black man from self-depreciation in the presence of Arabs or Europeans.
1893 The American Islamic Propaganda Movement is founded by Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb. He is regarded as one of the earliest white American converts. In that same year on Sept. 20 and 21, M. A. Webb appeared at the First World Congress of Religions and delivered two lectures: "The Spirit of Islam," and "The Influence of Islam on Social Conditions."
1908 Muslim immigrants from the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, etc., arrive in North America. They are mainly Turks, Kurds, Albanians, and Arabs.
1913 Timothy Drew (Noble Drew Ali) establishes an organization in Newark, NJ , known as the Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTA). Drew Ali reportedly was commissioned by the Sultan of Morocco to teach Islam to Negroes in the United States. The MSTA is also responsible for many of today's African-American converts to Islam.
1915 Albanian Muslims build a Masjid in Maine and establish an Islamic association. By 1919, they had established another Masjid in Connecticut. Theirs was one of the first associations for Muslims in the
United States.
1920 The Red Crescent, a Muslim charity modeled after the International Red Cross, is established in
Detroit.
1921 A branch of the Ahmadiyya Movement is founded in Chicago by Dr. Mufti Muhammad Sadiq. This
movement converted many African-Americans to Islam.
1926 Duse Muhammad Ali, mentor of Marcus Garvey and the person who had a considerable impact
upon Garvey's movement, establishes an organization in Detroit known as the Universal Islamic Society.
Its motto was "One God, One Aim, One Destiny."
1926 Polish-speaking Tatars build a mosque in Brooklyn, NY, which is still in use.
1930 African American Muslims establish First Muslim Mosque in Piftsburg, Pennsylvania.
1933 The Nation of Islam (NOI), one of the most significant organizations in American Muslim history, is founded. It is responsible for converting a high percentage of African-Americans to Islam. It was also effective in highlighting American Christians' difficulties combating the effects of slavery and racism among African-Americans. The NOI's philosophy was introduced in the United States by Fard
Muhammad (Wallace Ford), a Muslim mystic who disappeared in 1933. The late, Elijah Mohammed, who succeeded Fard in 1933, built the organization into a strong ethnic movement advocating Islam as
way of life. Two of the most famous African-Americans, Muhammad Ali and Al Hajj Malik al-Shabazz (Malcolm X), were early adherents of this movement. Both later embraced the broader multiethnic
concepts of orthodox Islam.
1934 The Lebanese community of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, opens its Masjid.
1939 The Islamic Mission Society is founded in New York by Sheikh Dawood. It publishes a magazine entitled, "Muslim Sunrise".
1952 Muslims in the armed services sue the federal government to be allowed to identify themselves as Muslims. Until then Islam was not recognized as a legitimate religion.
1955 The State Street Masjid in New York City is established by Sheikh Dawood Ahmed Faisal. It is still in use today and represents a special point in the development of the American Muslim community. From this Masjid was born the Dar-ul-Islam movement.
1960 The NOI's University of Islam schools flourished and drew the attention of the American media. Coverage focused upon the Black Muslims' self-help programs for Blacks, but considered them a "threat"
to the white establishment.
1962 The Dar-ul-Islam movement, another important group among the African-American Muslim community, is born. Until its disappearance in 1982-1983, it made a serious impact upon the development
and practice of traditional Islam in America.
1962 The newspaper Muhammad Speaks is launched. It later becomes the largest minority weekly publication in the country and reached 800,000 readers at its peak. In subsequent years, it underwent
some name changes, and the NOI itself underwent various transformations. It has also been known as Bilalian News, The A.M. Journal and, currently The Muslim Journal.
1963 The Muslim Students Association (MSA) is established as an organization to aid foreign Muslim students attending schools in the United States. MSA now has more than 100 branches nationwide. In the
1970's it gave birth to the Islamic Medical Association (IMA), the Association of Muslim Social Scientist (AMSS), and the Association of Muslim Scientists and Engineers (AMSE).
1965 AI Hajj Malik al-Shabazz (Malcolm X) is assassinated in New York. He was one of the most outstanding Muslims in American history as well as a dedicated fighter for justice and equality for
African-Americans and other oppressed people.
1968 The Hanafi Movement is founded by Hamas Abdul Khaalis. The Hanafi Madhab Center was established in New York but later moved to Washington, D.C. This movement had a membership of more than 1000 in the United States. Kareem Abdul Jabbar, a famous basketball player, is one of the Muslims who first came into contact with Islam through this movement. In 1977, Khaalis and some of his followers seized control of three District of Columbia buildings, holding hostages for more than 30 hours. One man was killed. Khaalis is now incarcerated in Washington, D.C., and is serving a sentence of 41 to 120 years. This movement marks a challenging period in American Muslim history.
1971 The Association of Muslim Scientists and Engineers is established.
1972 The Association of Muslim Social Scientists, is launched.
1975 Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of Islam, dies and is succeeded by his son Warith Deen Mohammed, who has been credited with moving the NOI toward the broader universal concepts of Islam.
He is now regarded as one of the leading Muslim spokesmen in the United States.
1981 The first American Islamic library is established in Plainfield, Indiana.
1982 The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) is established in Plainfield, IN. ISNA is now an umbrella organization for many active Islamic groups seeking to further the cause of Islam in the United
States.
1986 Dr. Isma'il R. a]-Faruqi and his wife are murdered in their home outside Philadelphia. Dr. and Mrs. Faruqi are the authors of The Cultural Atlas of Islam as well as many other books and research papers. Dr. Faruqi is the founder of AMSS and the International Institute of Islamic Thought, which is located in Northern Virginia. This truly remarkable Muslim family is responsible for some of the most constructive programs to promote Islam in the United States.
1990 Muslims hold the first solidarity conference called "Muslims Against Apartheid." This was the first conference of its kind in support of Muslims for the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. The conference was organized by the American Muslim Council.
1991 Imam Siraj Wahaj offers an invocation (opening prayer) to the United States House of Representatives. He was the first Muslim to do so.
1991 The Muslim Members in the Military (MMM) organization hold their first "Unity in Uniform" conference. The conference took place at Boiling Air force Base in Washington, D.C. According to the
United States Department of Defense, there are more than 5000 Muslims in uniform on active duty in the military. However, there are no Muslim Chaplains on active duty in any branch of service.
1991 Charles Bilal, Kountze, Texas, becomes the nation's first Muslim mayor in an American city.
1992 Imam Warith Deen Mohammed gives the invocation in the Senate.
Information Resources:
1. African Presence in Early America by Ivan Van Sertima, 1987
2. Deeper Roots by Abdullah Hakim Quick, 1990
3. Arab America Today (A Demographic Profile of Arab Americans) by
John Zogby, 1990
4. A Survey of North American Muslims by El Tigani A. Abugideiri,
June 1977
5. A Century of Islam in America by Yyvone Y. Haddad, 1986
6. Ethnic Distribution of American Muslims and Selected
Socio-Economic Characteristics by Arif Ghaytir, 1984
7. The Demography of Islamic Nations by john Weeks, 1988
8. Islam in the United States: Review of Sources by Dr. Sulayman
s. Nyang, 1988
9. Demographic Consequences of Minority Consciousness- An Analysis
by Salaha M. Abedin, 1980
10. World Population Data Sheet Population Reference Bureau, Inc.
Washington, D.C. 1990, Statistical Abstract of the United States,
U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census, 1990
11. Muslim Peoples (A World Ethnographic Survey) Edited by
Richard V. Weeks, 1984, Vol. 11
12. The 1991 Almanac 44th Edition, by Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991
13. The Islamic Society of North America Directory of Islamic
Centers, Schools, Masjids, and MSA Chapters, 1989 Revised Edition
14. The Islamic Struggle in America, Hijrah Magazine, Oct./Nov. 1985
15. The Seven Muslim Slaves by Abdul Hakim Muhammad, 1983
16. Prince Among Slaves by Terry Alford, 1977
17. Nature Knows No Color Line by J.A. Rogers, 1952
18. African American Muslims in Antebellum America by Allen Austin,
1984
19. The Arab World Published by the Arab-American Press, 1945
20. The United States and Sultanate of Oman Produced by Sultan
Qaboos Center, The Middle East Institute, Washington, D.C. 1990
21. The University of Alabama, A Pictorial History by Suzanne Rau
Wolfe
22. History of the First Muslim Mosque of Pittsburg, Pennslavania
by Jameela A. Hakim, 1989
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